References
Barthel, D. (1992). Do hexactinellid sponges structure Antarctic sponge associations? Ophelia, 36, 111−118.
Bergquist, P. R. (1978). Sponges. Hutchinson, London, 268.
Borojevic, R., Fry, W. G., Jones, W. C., Lévi, C., Rasmont, R., Sará, M., & Vacelet, J. (1968). Mise au point actuelle de la terminologie des Éponges. Bulletin du Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle (Paris), 39, 1224–1235.
Botting, J. P., Cárdenas, P., & Peel, J. S. (2015). A crown-group demosponge from the early Cambrian Sirius Passet Biota, North Greenland. Palaeontology, 58, 35–43.
Botting, J. P., & Butterfield, N. J. (2005). Reconstructing early sponge relationships by using the Burgess Shale fossil Eiffelia globosa, Walcott. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102 (5), 1554.
Bowerbank, J. S. (1862). On the anatomy and physiology of the Spongiadae. Part III On the generic characters, the specific characters, and on the method of examination. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 152, 1087–1135.
Boury-Esnault, N., Lavrov, D. V., Ruiz, C. A., & Pérez, T. (2013). The integrative taxonomic approach applied to porifera: a case study of the Homoscleromorpha. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53 (3), 416–427. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/ict042
Boury-Esnault, N., & Rützler, K. (1997). Thesaurus of sponge morphology. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 596. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 55.
Brasier, M. D. (1989). On mass extinction and faunal turnover near the end of the Precambrian, In: Donovan, SK, ed. Mass Extinctions: Processes and Evidence. London: Belhaven Press, 73–88.
Cárdenas, P., Xavier, J. R., Reveillaud, J., Schander, C., & Rapp, H. T. (2011). Molecular phylogeny of the Astrophorida (Porifera, Demospongiae) reveals an unexpected high level of spicule homoplasy. PLoS One, 6, e18318.
Cárdenas, P., Pérez, T., & Boury-Esnault, N. (2012). Sponge systematics facing new challenges. Advances in Marine Biology, 61, 79–209. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-387787-1.00010-6.
Chagas, C., & Cavalcanti, F. F. (2017). Taxonomy of calcareous sponges (Porifera, Calcarea) sampled on artificial substrates of a recreational marina in the Tropical Northeastern Brazilian coast. Zootaxa, 4363 (2), 203. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4363.2.2.
Chang, S., Zhang, L., Clausen, S., Bottjer, D. J., & Feng, Q. (2019). The Ediacaran-Cambrian rise of siliceous sponges and development of modern oceanic ecosystems. Precambrian Research, 333, 105438, doi:10.1016/j.precamres.2019.105438
Dendy, A. (1925). The origin of sponge-spicules. Nature, 115, 190–191. https://doi.org/10.1038/115190a0
Dohrmann, M., Kelley, Ch., Kelly, M., Pisera, A., Hooper, J. N. A., & Reiswig, H. M. (2017). An integrative systematic framework helps to reconstruct skeletal evolution of glass sponges (Porifera, Hexactinellida). Frontiers in Zoology, 14, 18.
Dohrmann, M., & Wörheide, G. (2017). Dating early animal evolution using phylogenomic data. Scientific Reports, 7, 3599.
Ehrlich, H., Bazhenov, V. V., Debitus, C., de Voogd, N., Galli, R., Tsurkan, M. V., Wysokowski, M., Meissner, H., Bulut, E., Kaya, M., & Jesionowski, T. (2017). Isolation and identification of chitin from heavy mineralized skeleton of Suberea clavata (Verongida: Demospongiae: Porifera) marine demosponge. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 104 (B), 1706–1712.
Ehrlich, H., Krautter, M., Hanke, T., Simon, P., Knieb, Ch., Heinemann, S., & Worch, H. (2007). First evidence of the presence of chitin in skeletons of marine sponges. Part II. Glass sponges (Hexactinellida: Porifera). Journal of Experimental Zoology B Molecular and Developmental Evololution, 308 (4), 473–483. doi: 10.1002/jez.b.21174.
Ehrlich, H., Shaala, L. A., Youssef, D. T. A., Żółtowska-Aksamitowska, S., Tsurkan, M., Galli, R., et al. (2018). Discovery of chitin in skeletons of non-verongiid Red Sea demosponges. PLoS ONE, 13 (5), e0195803. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195803
Ehrlich, H., Luczak, M., Ziganshin, R., Mikšík, I., Wysokowski, M., Simon, P., Baranowska-Bosiacka, I., Kupnicka, P., Ereskovsky, A., Galli, R., Dyshlovoy, S., Fischer, J., Tabachnick, K.R., Petrenko, I., Jesionowski, T., Lubkowska, A, Figlerowicz, M., Ivanenko, V. N., & Summers, A. P. (2022). Arrested in Glass: Actin within Sophisticated Architectures of Biosilica in Sponges. Advanced Science, 2105059. https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.202105059
Erpenbeck, D., Breeuwer, J. A. J., Parra-Velandia, F. J., & Soest, R. W. M. van (2006). Speculation with spiculation? — Three independent gene fragments and biochemical characters versus morphology in demosponge higher classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 38, 293–305.
Fromont, J., Żółtowska-Aksamitowska, S., Galli, R., Meissner, H., et al. (2019). New family and genus of a Dendrilla-like sponge with characters of Verongiida. Part II. Discovery of chitin in the skeleton of Ernstilla lacunosa. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 280 (8), 21–29.
Gadea Buisán, E. (1947). Clasificacion de las esponjas, clave para determinar todos los grupos taxonomicos hasta familias inclusive. Barcelona: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 4, 49 pp.
Gazave, E., Lapébie, P., Ereskovsky, A. V., Vacelet, J., Renard, E., Cárdenas, P., & Borchiellini, C. (2012). No longer Demospongiae: Homoscleromorpha formal nomination as a fourth class of Porifera. Hydrobiologia, 687, 3–10. doi: 10.1007/s10750-011-0842-x
Green, K. (1991). Spicule catalogue. Available at: https://www.scamit.org/tools/toolbox-new/-OTHER%20USEFUL%20TOOLS/%2ADocument%20on%20Marine%20Sponges%20and%20definitions.pdf and https://www.scamit.org/tools/toolbox-new/CALCAREA/Class%20Calcerea/-OTHER%20USEFUL%20TOOLS/%2ASpicule%20types%20of%20Class%20Calcarea.pdf (accesed November 2021).
Goodwin, C., Brewin, P. E., & Brickle, P. (2012). Sponge biodiversity of South Georgia island with descriptions of fifteen new species. Zootaxa, 3542, 1–48.
Görlich, S., Samuel, A. J., Best, R. J., Seidel, R., Vacelet, J,. Leonarski, F. K., Tomizaki, T., Rellinghaus, B., Pohl, D., & Zlotnikov, I. (2020). Natural hybrid silica/protein superstructure at atomic resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A., 117 (49), 31088–31093. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2019140117
Hamdi, B., Brasier, M. D., & Jiang, Z. (1989). Earliest skeletal fossils from Precambrian-Cambrian boundary strata, Elburz Mountains. Iran Geological Magazine, 126, 283–289.
Hajdu, E., & Soest van, R. W. M. (2002 [2004]). Family Merliidae Kirkpatrick, 1908. In: Hooper, J. N. A., Soest van, R. W. M., eds. Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges (2 volumes). Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 691–693.
Hestetun, J. T., Tompkins-Macdonald, G., & Rapp, H. T. (2017). A review of carnivorous sponges (Porifera: Cladorhizidae) from the Boreal North Atlantic and Arctic. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 20, 1–69.
Hooper, J. (2003). Sponguide. Guide to sponge collection and identification
(version 2003). Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242495363_Sponguide_Guide_to_Sponge_Collection_and_Identification (accesed July 2021).
Hooper, J. N. A, & Soest, R. W. M., van (Eds.) (2002). Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of Sponges. KluwerAcademic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow, 1706.
Janussen, D., & Rapp, H. T. (2011). Redescription of Jenkina articulata Brøndsted from the deep Eckström Shelf, E-Weddell Sea, Antarctica and a comment on the possible mass occurrence of this species. Deep-Sea Research II, 58, 2022–2026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2011.01.007
Klautau, M., Azevedo, F., Cóndor-Luján, B., Rapp, H. T., Collins, A., & Russo, C. A. (2013). A Molecular Phylogeny for the Order Clathrinida Rekindles and Refines Haeckel’s Taxonomic Proposal for Calcareous Sponges. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53 (3), 447–461.
Lage, A., Muricy, G., Ruiz, C., & Pérez, T. (2018). New sciaphilic plakinids (Porifera, Homoscleromorpha) from the Central-Western Pacific. Zootaxa, 4466 (1), 8–38.
Lendenfeld, R, von. (1889). A monograph of the horny sponges. Trübner and Co.: London, 177.
Leys, S. P. (2003). The Significance of syncytial tissues for the position of the Hexactinellida in the Metazoa. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 43 (1), 19–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/43.1.19
Lundbeck, W. (1902). Porifera. (Part I.) Homorrhaphidae and Heterorrhaphidae. In The Danish Ingolf-Expedition 6 (1). Copenhagen: Bianco Luno, 108.
Łukowiak, M., Cóndor-Luján, B., Corrêa Seixas, V., Arteaga, A., Cerpa, L., Zaremba, K., Audycki, J. (2025). Comparison of Recent and sub-fossil sponge communities of West Antarctica. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 70 (1) 2025, 43–56.
Maldonado, M., & Riesgo, A. (2007). Intraepithelial spicules in a homosclerophorid sponge. Cell and Tissue Research, 328, 639–650.
Manuel, M., Borchiellini, C., Alivon, E., Le Parco, Y., Vacelet, J., Boury-Esnault, N., et al. (2003). Phylogeny and evolution of calcareous sponges: monophyly of Calcinea and Calcaronea, high level of morphological homoplasy, and the primitive nature of axial symmetry. Systematic Biology, 52 (3), 311–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390196966
Manuel, M., Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., & Vacelet, J. (2002). Class Calcarea Bowerbank, 1864. In: Hooper JNA, van Soest RWM, eds. Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. 2 volumes. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 1103–1110.
Mehl-Janussen, D. (1999). Die frühe Evolution der Porifera. Münchner Geowissenschaftlichen Abhandlungen, 37, 1–72.
Morrow, C., & Cárdenas, P. (2015). Proposal for a revised classification of the Demospongiae (Porifera). Frontiers in Zoology, 12, 7.
Morrow, C. C., Redmond, N. E., Picton, B. E., Thacker, R. W., Collins, A. G., Maggs, Ch. A. Sigwart, J. D., & Allcock, A. L. (2013). Molecular phylogenies support homoplasy of multiple morphological characters used in the taxonomy of Heteroscleromorpha (Porifera: Demospongiae). Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53 (3), 428–446. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/ict065
Mostler, H. (1990). Mikroskleren von Demospongien (Porifera) aus dem basalen Jura der Nördlichen Kalkalpen. Geologisch- Paläontologische Mitteilungen Insbruck, 17, 119–142.
Nettersheim, B. J., Brocks, J. J., Schwelm, A., Hope, J. M., Not, F., Lomas, M., Schmidt, Ch, Schiebel, R., Nowack, E. C. M., De Deckker, P., Pawlowski, J., Bowser, S. S., Bobrovskiy, I., Zonneveld, K., Kucera, M., Stuhr, M., & Hallmann, Ch. (2019). Putative sponge biomarkers in unicellular Rhizaria question an early rise of animals. Nature Ecology and Evolution, 3, 577–581.
Pickett, J. (2002). Fossil Calcarea. An Overview. In: Hooper, J. N. A., Soest van, R. W. M., eds. Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges (2 volumes). Kluwer Academic/Plenum, 1117–1119.
Pisera, A. (2003). Some Aspects of Silica deposition in Lithistid Demosponge Desmas. Microscopy Research and Technique, 62, 312–326.
Pisera, A., Łukowiak, M., Masse, S., Tabachnick, K., Fromont, J., Ehrlich, H., & Bertolino, M. (2021). Insights into the structure and morphogenesis of the giant basal spicule of the glass sponge Monorhaphis chuni. Frontiers in Zoology, 18, 58.
Pisera, A., & Lévi, C. (2002). ‘Lithistid’ Demospongiae In: Hooper JNA, van Soest RWM, eds. Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academics/Plenum Press, New York, 299–301.
Plese, B., Kenny, N. J., Rossi, M. E., Cárdenas, P., Schuster, A., Taboada, S., et al. (2021). Mitochondrial evolution in the Demospongiae (Porifera): phylogeny, divergence time, and genome biology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 155.
Plotkin, A.S., & Janussen, D. (2007). New genus and species of Polymastiidae (Demospongiae: Hadromerida) from the Antarctic deep sea. Journal of the Marine Biology Association, 87 (6), 1395–1401.
Pozdnyakov, I. R., Sokolova, A. M., Ereskovsky, A. V., & Karpov, S. A. (2020). The kinetid structure of two oscarellid sponges (Class Homoscleromorpha) unveils plesiomorphies in kinetids of Homoscleromorpha–Calcarea lineage. Invertebrate Biology, 139, e12299 https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12299
Reid, R. E. H. (1963). A classification of the Demospongia. Neues Jahrbuch fur Geologie und Palaontologie. Monatshefte, 1963 (4), 196–207.
Reid, R. E. H. (1968). Microscleres in demosponge classification. Paleontological Contributions of the University of Kansas, 35, 1–37.
Reid, R. E. H. (1970). Tetraxons and demosponge phylogeny. In: Fry WG, ed. The Biology of Porifera. Symposia of the Zoological Society of London, 25. London: Academic Press 1970, 63–89.
Reif, W.-E. (1967). Schwammspicula aus dem Weissen Jura Zeta von Natheim (Schwabische Alb). Palaeontographica, 127, 85–102.
Reiswig, H. M., & Kelly, M. (2011). The marine fauna of New Zealand: hexasterophoran glass sponges of New Zealand (Porifera: Hexactinellida: Hexasterophora): Orders Hexactinosida, Aulocalycoida and Lychniscosida / by Henry M. Reiswig & Michelle Kelly—Wellington: NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research), NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, ISSN 1174–0043; 124.
Reiswig, H. M., & Kelly, M. (2018). The Marine Fauna of New Zealand. Euplectellid glass sponges (Hexactinellida, Lyssacinosida, Euplectellidae) / by Henry M. Reiswig & Michelle Kelly—Wellington: NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research), NIWA Biodiversity Memoir, ISSN 1174-0043; 130.
Ridley, S. O., & Dendy, A. (1887). Report on the Monaxonida collected by H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ during the years 1873-76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Zoology, 20 (part 59), 1–275.
Rigby, J. K., & Webby, B. D. (1988). Late Ordovician sponges from the Malongulli Formation of central New South Wales, Australia. Palaeontographica Americana, 59, 1–147.
Rigby, J. K., Bell, Jr., G. L., & Thompson, K. (2007). Hexactinellid and associated sponges from the upper reef trail member of the bell Canyon Formation, Southern Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas. Journal of Paleontology, 81 (6), 1241–1256.
Rossi, A. L., Campos, A. P. C., Barroso, M. M. S., Klautau, M., Archanjo, B. S., Borojevic, R., Farina, M., & Werckmann, J. (2014). Long-range crystalline order in spicules from the calcareous sponge Paraleucilla magna (Porifera, Calcarea). Acta Biomaterialia, 10, 3875–3884.
Rossi, A., Farina, M., Borojevic, R., & Klautau, M. (2006). Occurrence of five-rayed spicules in a calcareous sponge: Sycon pentactinalis sp. nov. (Porifera: Calcarea). Cahiers De Biologie Marine, 47, 261–270.
Ruiz, C., Muricy, G., Lage, A., Domingos, C., Chenesseau, S., & Pérez, T. (2017). Descriptions of new sponge species and genus, including aspiculate Plakinidae, overturn the Homoscleromorpha classification. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 179, 707–724. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12480
(2021). Unique spicules may confound species differentiation: taxonomy and biogeography of Melonanchora Carter, 1874 and two new related genera (Myxillidae: Poecilosclerida) from the Okhotsk Sea. PeerJ, 9, e12515 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12515
Schulze, F. E. (1887). Report on the Hexactinellida collected by H.M.S. ‘Challenger’ during the years 1873-76. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–76. Zoology, 21 (part 53), 1–514.
Schulze, F. E., & Lendenfeld, R, von. (1889). Ueber die Bezeichnung der Spongiennadeln. Abh. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, Georg Reimer, p. 35.
Schuster, A., Erpenbeck, D., Pisera, A., Hooper, J., Bryce M., et al. (2015). Deceptive desmas: molecular phylogenetics suggests a new classification and uncovers convergent evolution of lithistid demosponges. PLoS ONE, 10 (1), e116038. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0116038
Schuster, A., Vargas, S., Knapp, I. S., Pomponi, S. A., Toonen, R. J., Erpenbeck, D., & Wörheide, G. (2018). Divergence times in demosponges (Porifera): first insights from new mitogenomes and the inclusion of fossils in a birth-death clock model. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 18, 114.
Schmidt, O. (1870). Grundzüge einer Spongien-Fauna des atlantischen Gebietes. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, 88.
Senowbari-Daryan, B., & García-Bellido, D. C. (2002). “Sphinctozoa” or chambered sponges (polyphyletic). In: Hooper, JNA, van Soest, RWM, eds. Systema Porifera: A guide to the classification of sponges. Kluwer Academics/Plenum Press, New York, 1511–1538.
Soest, R. W. M., van. (2021). Sponges. Marine Species Identification Portal: http://species-identification.org/species (accessed June 2021)
Soest, R. W.M., van, Boury-Esnault, N., Vacelet, J., Dohrmann, M., Erpenbeck, D., de Voogd, N. J., Santodomingo, N., Vanhoorne, B., Kelly, M., & Hooper, J. N.A. (2012). Global diversity of sponges (Porifera). PLoS ONE, 7 (4), e35105.
Sollas, W. J. (1885). A classification of the sponges. Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 5, 16 (95), 1–395.
Sollas, W. J. (1888). Report on the Tetractinellida collected by H.M.S. Challenger, during the years 1873–1876. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger, 1873–1876, Zoology, 25 (63), 1–458.
Tabachnick, K. R., & Reiswig, H. M. (2002). Dictionary of Hexactinellida. In: Hooper JNA, van Soest RWM, Willenz P, eds. Systema Porifera. Springer, Boston, MA. Springer, Boston, MA, 1224–1229. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0747-5_125
Tabachnick, K., Janussen, D., & Menshenina, L. (2017). Cold biosilicification in metazoan: psychrophilic glass sponges. In: Ehrlich H, ed. Extreme Biomimetics. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG, 53–80.
Uriz, M.-J. (2006). Mineral skeletogenesis in sponges. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 84 (2), 322–356. DOI 10.1139/z06-032.
Uriz, M.-J, Turon, X., Becerro, M., & Agell, G. (2003). Siliceous spicules and skeleton frameworks in sponges: Origin, diversity, ultrastructural patterns, and biological functions. Microscopy Research and Technique, 62, 279–299.
Vacelet, J. (2012). Part E, Revised, Volume 4, Chapter 4C, Hypercalcified Extant Calcarea. Treatise Online 49, 1–15. Available at: https://journals.ku.edu/treatiseonline/article/view/4323 (accesed October 2021).
Vacelet, J., Borojevic, R., Boury-Esnault, N., & Manuel, M. (2002). Order Murrayonida Vacelet, 1981. In: Hooper, J.N.A. & Van Soest, R.W.M. Eds. Systema Porifera: a guide to the classification of sponges. (2 Volumes) Kluwer Academic/ Plenum Publishers: New York, 1153–1156.
Vacelet, J. (1985). Coralline sponges and the evolution of the Porifera. In: Conway MSJ, George D, Gibson R, Platt HM, eds. The origins and relationships of lower invertebrates. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 13.
Vacelet, J., & Boury-Esnault, N. (1995). Carnivorous sponges. Nature, 373, 333–335.
Voogd, de N. J., Alvarez, B., Boury-Esnault, N., Carballo, J. L., Cárdenas, P., Díaz, M.-C., Dohrmann, M., Downey, R., Hajdu, E., Hooper, J. N. A., Kelly, M., Klautau, M., Manconi, R., Morrow, C. C., Pisera, A. B., Ríos, P., Rützler, K., Schönberg, C., Vacelet, J., & Soest, R. W. M. van (2022). World Porifera Database. Available at: http://www.marinespecies.org/porifera. doi:10.14284/359 (accesed August 2022).
Vos, de L., Rützler, K., Boury-Esnault, N., Donadey, C., & Vacelet, J. (1991). Atlas on sponge morphology. Contributions of the Smithsonian Institution, 173.
Walcott, C. D. (1920). Cambrian geology and paleontology IV: 6—Middle Cambrian Spongiae. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 67, 261–364.
Wiedenmayer, F. (1977). Shallow-water sponges of the western Bahamas. Experientia Supplementum, 28, 1–287.
Wiedenmayer, F. (1994). Contribution of the knowledge of post-Paleozoic neritic and archibenthal sponges (Porifera). Schweizerische Paläontologische Mitteilungen, 116, 1–147.